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Steam Shovel

Steam shovel

.]] A steam shovel is a large steam powered excavating machine designed for lifting and moving material such as snow and soil. It was invented by William Otis who received a patent for his design in 1839. Basically a steam shovel consists of a caterpillar track or rail track mounted steam engine which is used to drive pulleys that move a hinged boom and bucket-shaped scoop under the control of an engineer. During the early 20th Century steam shovels lost out to the more powerful Diesel powered excavating machines that we still see today. Although many have been scrapped some can still be found in industrial museums and are popular restoration projects for steam enthusiasts.

External links

- http://members.tripod.com/dsmdonaldson/id59.htm
- http://www.copperrange.org/shovel.htm Category:Industrial equipment

Snow

) high forests.]] Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes. Since it is composed of small rough particles it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure. Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C (32°F), and then falls to the ground.

Types

Flurries are similar to rainshowers and only last for short periods of time. Snow which has partially thawed while falling is called sleet; if this re-freezes on further descent, the resulting small icy pellets or granules of snow are called soft hail. A related phenomenon is freezing rain, where rain falls on ground sufficiently cold for it to freeze on contact, forming black ice on the ground. A snow squall is a brief, very intense snowstorm while a blizzard is a long-lasting snow storm with intense snowfall and usually high winds. Particularly severe storms can create whiteout conditions where visibility is reduced to less than 1 m, while blizzards can also create large snowdrifts. A ground blizzard occurs when a strong wind drives already fallen snow to create drifts and whiteouts. Snow can be also manufactured using snow cannons, which actually create tiny granules more like soft hail (this is sometimes called "grits" by those in the southern U.S. for its likeness to the texture of the food). In recent years, snow cannons have been produced that create more natural looking snow, but these machines are very expensive and are found only on the most prestigious places.

Occurrence

Snowfall varies by time and location, including geographic latitude, elevation and other factors which affect weather in general. In latitudes closer to the equator, there is less chance of snow fall, 35° N and 40°S are often quoted as a rough delimiter. The western coasts of the major continents remain snowless to much higher latitudes. As temperature decreases with altitude, high mountains, even at or near the Equator, have permanent snow cover on their top. Examples include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Tropical Andes in South America; the only snow actually on the Equator is at 4,690 m altitude on the south slope of Volcán Cayambe in Ecuador (Google Earth images). Conversely, many regions of the Arctic and Antarctic receive very little precipitation and therefore little snow despite the bitter cold (below a certain temperature, air essentially loses its ability to carry water vapor). Although density of fresh snow varies widely, a guide is that the depth of snowfall is 10 times that of a rainfall containing the same mass of water. Substantial snowfall sometimes disrupts infrastructure and services even in regions that are accustomed to them. Traffic may be snarled or even completely stop. Basic infrastructure such as electricity, phones and gas supply can be shut down. This can lead to a snow day, a day on which school or other services are cancelled owing to unusually heavy snowfall. In areas that normally have very little snow, this may occur even with light accumulation — something often made fun of by those people used to colder climates, where streets would remain passable given the same amount of snow. The highest seasonally cumulative precipitation of snow ever measured in the world was on Mount Baker, Washington, U.S.A during 1998–1999 season when they received 28.96 meters (1,140 in); this surpassed the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A which during 1971–1972 season received 28.5 meters (1,122 in) of snow; and the world record daily precipitation was recorded in Silver Lake, Colorado, U.S.A in 1921 1.93 meters (76 in). See also: List of Countries receiving snowfall

Recreation

List of Countries receiving snowfall Forms of recreation dependent on snow:
- Many winter sports, such as skiing, snowmobiling, snowshoeing and snowboarding
- Playing with a sled or riding in a sleigh
- Building a snowman or snow fort
- Throwing snowballs mutually in a snowball fight or at others to tease them. (Humans seem to be the only animal that throw their snowballs. Pygmy chimpanzees have been known to carry snowballs around, but never to throw them.) Where snow is scarce but the temperature is low enough, snow cannons may be used to produce an adequate amount for such sports. Tightly packed snow may be used as a construction material in, for example, Inuit snow houses. The world´s biggest snowcastle is built in Kemi, Finland, every winter.

Geometry

Finland An interesting question is why the arms of snowflakes are symmetrical, and why no two snowflakes appear to be identical. The answer is believed to be due to the fact that the distances between snowflakes are much greater than the distances across snowflakes. The symmetry of snowflake arms is always six-fold, which arises from the hexagonal crystal structure of ordinary ice (known as ice I_h) along its 'basal' plane. There are, broadly, two possible explanations for the symmetry of snowflakes. Firstly, there could be communication (information transfer) between the arms, such that growth in each arm affects the growth in each other arm. Surface tension or phonons are among the ways that such communication could occur. The other explanation, which appears to be the prevalent view, is that the arms of a snowflake grow independently in an environment that is believed to be rapidly varying in temperature, humidity and so on. This environment is believed to be relatively spatially homogenous on the scale of a single flake, leading to the arms growing to a high level of visual similarity by responding in identical ways to identical conditions, much in the same way that unrelated trees respond to environmental changes by growing near-identical sets of tree rings. The difference in the environment in scales larger than a snowflake leads to the observed lack of correlation between the shapes of different snowflakes. tree ring However, the concept that no two snowflakes are alike is incorrect; it is entirely possible, but unlikely, that a pair of snowflakes may be visually identical if their environments were similar enough, either because they grew very near one another, or simply by chance. The American Meteorological Society has reported that matching snow crystals were discovered by Nancy Knight of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The crystals were not flakes in the usual sense but rather hollow hexagonal prisms. ;High-resolution gallery Image:Snow crystals.png Image:Snow crystals 2.png Image:Snow crystals 2b.png Image:LT-SEM snow crystals.jpg Image:LT-SEM snow crystal magnification series-3.jpg

Media

External links

- [http://www.nsdl.arm.gov/Library/glossary.shtml#snowflake National Science Digital Library - Snowflake]
- [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faqs/faqs.htm Kenneth G. Libbrecht's Snowflake FAQ]
- http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/photos/photos.htm Category:Snow ko:눈 (날씨) ja:雪 simple:Snow th:หิมะ

Invented

:In music, an invention is a short composition with two or three part counterpoint. See Invention (music) In general terms, an invention is an object, process or technique which displays an element of novelty. In certain circumstances, legal protection may be granted to an invention by way of a patent.

What drives the process of invention?

Over time, humanity has invented objects and methods for accomplishing tasks which fulfill some purpose in a new or different manner, usually with the objective of realising that purpose in a faster, more efficient, easier or cheaper way. Although it is evident that people do invent, the circumstances which facilitate or optimise the development of inventions is less clear. One school of thought, popularized in the phrase "necessity is the mother of invention", argues that in essence, lack of resources leads to invention, while the opposing school of thought argues that it is only an excess of resources which has this result. However, the actual position may not be understood simply by reference to one or the other of these perspectives.

From idea to invention

Although a new or useful object or method may be developed to fulfill a specific purpose, the original idea may never be fully realised as a working invention, perhaps because the concept is in some way unrealistic or impractical. A "castle in the air" or a "pie in the sky" (or "castles in Spain") may refer to a creative idea which does not reach fruition due to practical considerations. The history of invention is full of such castles, as inventions are not necessarily invented in the order that is most useful. For example, the design of the parachute was worked out before the invention of powered flight. Other inventions simply solve problems for which there is no economic incentive to provide a solution. On the other hand, any barriers to implementation may simply be an issue of engineering or technology which can be overcome in time with scientific advances. History is also replete with examples of ideas which have taken some time to reach physical reality, as demonstrated by various ideas originally attributed to Leonardo da Vinci which are now expressed in everyday physical form.

Invention and innovation

Following the terminology of political economist Joseph Schumpeter, an invention differs from an innovation. While an invention is merely theoretical (even though the legal protection of a patent may have been sought), an innovation is an invention that has been put into practice. However, this conflicts with the theory of social anthropologists and other social sciences researchers. In social sciences, an innovation is anything new to a culture. The innovation does not need to have been adopted. The theory for adoption (or non-adoption) of an innovation is called diffusion of innovations. This theory, first put forth by Everett Rogers, considers the likelihood that an innovation will ever be adopted and the taxonomy of persons likely to adopt it or spur its adoption. Gabriel Tarde also dealt with the adoption of innovations in his Laws of Imitation.

External links

- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/browse/inventions/ Inventions] in [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/inventions/inventions.html List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions] (on the WIPO web site)
- [http://www.inventionindex.com/ Invention Index]
- [http://www.inventions.org/ Inventors Assistance League] (Non-profit organization operating since 1963) Category:History of technology Category:Technology ja:発明

William Otis

William Otis was an inventor who invented the steam shovel. Otis received a patent for the steam shovel on February 24, 1839. Otis, William

1839

1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 9 - The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.
- January 19 - British East India Company captures Aden
- January 20 - In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats a Peruvian and Bolivian alliance.
- February 24 - William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel.
- March 23 - First recorded use of "OK" oll korrect (Boston Morning Post).
- March 26 - The first Henley Royal Regatta is held
- 9 April - The world's first commercial electric telegraph line comes into operation alongside the Great Western Railway line from Paddington station to West Drayton.
- April 19 - The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.
- June 22 – Louis Daguerre receives patent for his camera (commercially available by September with the prize of 400 Francs)
- July 1 – Slave rebellion of Amistad
- August 8 – The Beta Theta Pi fraternity was founded in Oxford, Ohio
- August 19 – French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world"
- November 11 - The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia.
- November 17 - Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio opens in Milan.
- November 27 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded

Undated

- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud II (1808-1839) to Abd-ul-Mejid (1839-1861)
- In the United States, the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi.
- The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is published by Thomas Henderson.
- Excavation on Copan begins
- Half of the Limburg province of Belgium was added to the Netherlands, since 1839 there is a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg.
- Abd al-Kader declares a jihad against the French.

Births

- January 19 - Paul Cézanne, French painter (d. 1906)
- February 11 - Josiah Willard Gibbs American physicist and chemist (d. 1903)
- February 22 - Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor and publisher (d. 1906)
- March 9 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymnwriter (d. 1908)
- March 21 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (d. 1881)
- April 12 - Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (d. 1888)
- July 8 - John Davison Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1937)
- July 17 - Ephraim Shay, Inventor (d. 1916, see Shay locomotive)
- December 5 - George Armstrong Custer, American cavalry officer (d. 1876)

Deaths

- April 1 - Benjamin Pierce, U.S. politician (b. 1757)
- April 2 - Hezekiah Niles, American editor and publisher (b. 1777)
- April 11 - John Galt, Scottish novelist (b. 1779)
- May 17 - Archibald Alison, Scottish author (b. 1757)
- August 10 - John St Aubyn, British fossil collector (b. 1758)
- August 22 - Benjamin Lundy, American abolitionist (b. 1789)
- August 28 - William Smith, English geologist and cartographer (b. 1769)
- November 15 - William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (b. 1754)
- December 3 - Frederick VI, King of Denmark, ex-King of Norway (b. 1768) ko:1839년 ms:1839 th:พ.ศ. 2382

Caterpillar track

Caterpillar tracks are large (modular) tracks used on tanks, construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles. Unlike the Kegresse tracks which use a flexible belt, caterpillar tracks are made of a number of rigid units that are joined to each other. The tracks help the vehicle to distribute its weight more evenly over a larger surface area than wheels can, keeping it from sinking in areas where wheeled vehicles of the same weight would sink. For instance, the ground pressure of a car is equal to the pressure of the air in the tires, perhaps 30 psi (207 kPa), whereas the seventy-tonne M1 Abrams tank has a ground pressure of just over 15 psi (103 kPa).

History

A crude caterpillar track was designed in 1770 by Richard Edgeworth. The British polymath Sir George Cayley patented a caterpillar track, which he called a "universal railway" (The Mechanics' Magazine, 28 January 1826). Steam powered tractors using a form of caterpillar track were reported in use during the Crimean War in the 1850s. An effective caterpillar track was invented and implemented by Alvin Lombard, for the Lombard steam log hauler. He was granted a patent in 1901. He built the first steam-powered log hauler at the Waterville Iron Works in Waterville, Maine the same year. In all, eighty-three Lombard steam log haulers were built. In 1903, the founder of the Holt Manufacturing, Benjamin Holt, paid Lombard $60,000 so they could produce vehicles under his patent. At about the same time a British agricultural company Hornsby based in Grantham, UK developed and patented a caterpillar track in 1905. The design differed from modern tracks in that it flexed in only one direction, and the links locked together to form a solid rail on which the road wheels ran. Hornsby's tracked vehicles were used as artillery tractors by the British Army from 1906. Their patent was also purchased by Holt. Following a merger and name change, The Holt Manufacturing Company became the Caterpillar Tractor Company in 1925. Caterpillar tracks have since revolutionized construction vehicles and land warfare. Track systems have been developed and improved during the years. The first tanks to be fielded were developed from Holt tractors which were already in use towing artillery over the difficult terrain of the Western Front of the First World War. Perhaps the oldest implementation of something like tracks is to be found in theories of prehistoric erection of large stone monuments, when megaliths may have been slid atop rounded wooden logs. The logs are carried from the back of the procession to the front in an endless chain, like caterpillar track. Attempts by experimental archaeologists to reconstruct these methods have met with varying success. The system is a pre-cursor to development of the axle which keep a rotating cylinder fixed to its cargo. The Israeli Defence Forces have developed an improved suspension system, called Mazkum מזקו"ם (or זחלים for short), which enables greater mobility than regular tracks. The Mazkum is installed on the Israeli Merkava tank which helps improve mobility and speed, some of the Israeli patents were sold to Caterpillar Tractor.

Engineering

Merkava Merkava Modern tracks are built from modular chain links which compose together a closed chain. These chain links are often broad and made of alloy steel. The links are jointed by a hinge. This allows the track to be flexible and maintain its elliptical shape. The vehicle's weight is suspended from a number of road wheels, or "bogies". Road wheels are typically mounted on some form of suspension to cushion the ride over rough ground. Suspension design is a major area of development; early designs offered only a few inches of travel using springs, whereas modern hydro-pneumatic systems allow several feet of travel and include shock absorbers. Tracks are moved by a toothed drive wheel, or drive sprocket, driven by the motor and engaging with holes in the track links to drive the track. The drive wheel is typically mounted well above the contact area on the ground, allowing it to be fixed in position. Placing a suspension on the driving wheel is possible, but is mechanically more complicated. A non-powered wheel, an idler, is placed at the opposite end of the track, primarily to angle the front (or rear) of the track to allow it to climb over obstacles. Some track arrangements use return rollers to keep the top of the track running straight between the drive sprocket and idler. Others allow the track to droop and run along the tops of large road wheels, called dead track or slack track. Tracked vehicles have better mobility than pneumatic tires over rough terrain. They smooth out the bumps and glide over small obstacles; riding in a fast tracked vehicle feels like riding in a boat over heavy swells. Tracks are tougher than tires since they cannot be punctured or torn. Tracks are much less likely to get stuck in soft ground, mud, or snow, since they distribute the weight of the vehicle over a larger contact area, decreasing its ground pressure. Bulldozers, which are most often tracked, uses this attribute to rescue other vehicles (such as wheel loaders) which have become stuck in or sunk into the ground. The disadvantages of tracks are lower top speed and the damage that they cause to what passes beneath them: they can severely damage lawns, farm fields, and even asphalt pavement. Prolonged use places enormous strain on the drive transmission and the mechanics of the tracks, which must be overhauled or replaced regularly. It is common to see tracked vehicles such as bulldozers or tanks transported long distances by a wheeled carrier such as a semitrailer or train, though technological advances have made this practice less common among tracked military vehicles than it once was. A recent innovation by Caterpillar is a rubber track tractor for agricultural use, such as the Cat™ Challenger Tractor, MT700 and MT800 series. Instead of a track made of linked steel plates, it uses a reinforced rubber belt with chevron treads for improved traction and reduced soil compaction. Having a rubber belt also means that the vehicle can relocate itself on public roads without damaging pavement.

Tracked vehicles

- Bulldozer
- Crawler
- Excavator
- Snowmobile
- Snowcat
- Tank
- Half-track

Steam engine

A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. Steam engines were used in pumps, locomotives, steam ships and steam tractors, and were essential to the Industrial Revolution. They are still used for electrical power generation using steam turbines. A steam engine needs a boiler to boil water to produce steam under pressure. Any heat source can be used, but the most common is a fire fueled by wood, coal, or oil. (However, anything that can be burned can be used as fuel for the fire: paper, trash, used crankcase oil, ground-up corncobs, manure, natural gas, gasoline, high proof alcohol, dry grass, hay, dry weeds, etc). The steam expands and pushes against a piston or turbine, whose motion does the work of turning wheels or driving other machinery. In British English, the term steam engine my also refer to an entire steam locomotive.

Types of steam engine

Steam engines can be classified in two main ways:
- By the technology used. Most steam engines use either piston engines or turbines.
- By the application. Steam engines are used as:
- Stationary engines. Stationary steam engines again divide into two main classes:
- Winding engines, rolling mill engines, and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse.
- Engines providing power, which stop rarely and do not need to reverse. These include nearly all thermal power stations, and were also used in mills, factories and to power cable railways and cable tramways before the widespread use of electric power.
- Vehicle engines:
- Steamboats and steamships.
- Land vehicles:
- Steam locomotives.
- Steam cars.
- Steam rollers.
- Steam shovels.
- Traction engines.

Invention

Traction engine Traction engine.]] The first steam device, the aeolipile, was invented by Heron of Alexandria, a Greek, in the 1st century AD, but used only as a toy. Incidently 700 years earlier in Corinth, Greece, rail tracks were invented; however the Greeks never thought of putting the two together. In 1665 Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, installed a steam-powered engine for pumping water in Raglan Castle. Denis Papin, a French physicist, built a working model of a steam engine in about 1687, and he is credited with a number of significant gadgets such as the safety valve. Sir Samuel Morland also developed ideas for a steam engine during the same period, he built a number of steam-engine pumps for Louis XIV in the 1680s. Early industrial steam engines were designed by Thomas Savery (The "fire-engine", 1698) and Thomas Newcomen (1712), and in 1769 James Watt patented what is essentially the modern steam engine - all later developments are refinements of Watt's principle changes rather than new features. Humphrey Gainsborough produced a model condensing steam engine in the 1760s. In 1802 William Symington built the "first practical steamboat", and in 1807 Robert Fulton used the Watt steam engine to power the first commercially successful steamboat. Early engines worked by the vacuum of condensing steam, whereas later types (such as steam locomotives) used the power of expanding steam.

Use and development

steam locomotive The first industrial applications of the vacuum engines were in the pumping of water from deep mineshafts. The Newcomen engine operated by admitting steam to the operating chamber, closing the valve, and then admitting a spray of cold water. The water vapor condenses to a much smaller volume of water, creating a vacuum in the chamber. Atmospheric pressure, operating on the opposite side of a piston, pushes the piston to the bottom of the chamber. In mineshaft pumps, the piston was connected to an operating rod that descended the shaft to a pump chamber. The oscillations of the operating rod are transferred to a pump piston that moves the water, through check valves, to the top of the shaft. The first significant improvement, 60 years later, was creation of a separate condensing chamber with a valve between the operating chamber and the condensing chamber. This improvement was invented on Glasgow Green, Scotland by James Watt and subsequently developed by him in Birmingham, England, to produce the Watt steam engine with greatly increased efficiency. The next improvement was the replacement of manually operated valves with valves operated by the engine itself. Such early vacuum, or condensing, engines are severely limited in their efficiency but are relatively safe since the steam is at very low pressure and structural failure of the engine will be by inward collapse rather than an outward explosion. Their power is limited by the ambient air pressure, the displacement of the working chamber, the combustion and evaporation rates, and the condenser capacity. The maximum theoretical efficiency is limited by the relatively low boiling point of water at near atmospheric pressure (100 °C, 212 °F). The next big improvement in efficiency came with Richard Trevithick's use of pressurized steam, which used a far greater pressure, but more importantly (from a thermodynamic standpoint) operates at a higher temperature differential. But with this added pressure came much danger and many disasters due to exploding boilers and machinery. The most important refinement at this point was the safety valve, which releases excess pressure. Reliable and safe operation came only with a great deal of experience and codification of construction, operating, and maintenance procedures.

Boilers

safety valve Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, Jan. 3, 1885. Now on display in the National Museum of Science and Industry (The Science Museum), London.]] Boilers are of two main types:
- Fire tube construction is typical of early maritime installations for boats and ships and the boilers of steam locomotives. In a fire tube boiler, the hot gases from the firebox (a combustion chamber) are passed through tubes connecting perforated end plates. The gases then enter a smokebox or smoke chest and pass on to a smokestack. The boiler may be vertical or horizontal. For an example of a vertical boiler of this type observe the boiler in the small riverboat used in the movie The African Queen. This type is also used in some boilers that provide steam for steam heating of a building and was also used in the steam shovel. Locomotives and early ships used a horizontal orientation and early ships would usually require a tall smokestack to provide draft, not having a fan to provide a forced draft. In a steam locomotive the draft is generally augmented at startup by directing the steam exhaust through the smokestack, which provides a partial vacuum.
- In a water tube boiler the water is heated in multiple tubes exposed to the hot gases. The tubes are joined to a steam collector chamber at the top. A significant advantage of this type is that there is less chance of catastrophic failure, as there is not a great amount of water in the boiler, nor are there large mechanical elements subject to failure. There may be additional tubes above the collector in the upper portion of the hot gas exhaust - this device, called a superheater, provides additional temperature (the pressure being unchanged) and increases the thermal efficiency of the entire mechanism. Superheaters were also used in some of the later versions of the steam locomotive. There are also rarer variants, for example the drum boiler used in some steam cars. There is also another division between boilers: natural aspiration, which is nearly all of them, and forced-draft, or "pressure-fired" boilers. This technology, equivalent to supercharging for an internal combustion engine, was developed by the Germans and acquired by the US Navy to be used in some frigates built after the Second World War. In it, a fan is used to increase the rate of burning; the boiler must be constructed to get that extra heat to the water. An engine using this kind of boiler has the greatest acceleration from a standing start of any marine powerplant.

Engines

High pressure steam engines are of various types but most are either reciprocating piston or turbine devices.

Reciprocating

Double-acting

After the development of pressurized steam technology, the next major advance was the use of double-acting pistons, with pressurized steam admitted alternately to each side while the other side is exhausted to the atmosphere or to a condenser. Most reciprocating engines now use this technology. Power is removed by a sliding rod, sealed against the escape of steam. This rod in turn drives (via a sliding crosshead bearing) a connecting rod connected to a crank to convert the reciprocating motion to rotary motion. An additional crank or eccentric is used to drive the valve gear, usually through a reversing mechanism to allow reversal of the rotary motion. When a pair of double acting pistons is used, their crank phasing is offset by 90 degrees of angle; this is called quartering. This ensures that the engine will always operate, no matter what position the crank is in. Some ferryboats have used only a single double-acting piston, driving paddlewheels on each side by connection to an overhead rocker arm. When shutting down such an engine it was important that the piston be away from either extreme range of its travel so that it could be readily restarted.

Multiple expansion

eccentric Another type uses multiple (typically three) single-acting cylinders of progressively increasing diameter and stroke (and hence volume). High pressure steam from the boiler is used to drive the first and smallest diameter piston downward. On the upward stroke the partially expanded steam is driven into a second cylinder that is beginning its downward stroke. This accomplishes further expansion of the relatively high pressure exhaust from the first chamber. Similarly, the intermediate chamber exhausts to the final chamber, which in turn exhausts to a condenser. The image at the right shows a model of such an engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the first two cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder while that of the third is to the right. One modification of the triple-expansion engine is to use two smaller pistons that sum to the area of the third piston to replace it. This results in the more balanced unit of a total of four pistons arranged in a vee-configuration. The development of this type of engine was important for its use in steamships, for the condenser would, by taking back a little of the power, turn the steam back to water for its reuse in the boiler. Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam and be refilled from a fresh water tower, but at sea this was not possible. This sort of engine dominated merchant marine applications prior to and during World War II. It even was used in warships before the HMS Dreadnought of 1905. Multiple expansion can also result in greater efficiency, as the steam expends more of its energy driving pistons before leaving the engine. Some steam locomotives used double expansion. The most common arrangement was two sets of driving wheels. A set of high pressure cylinders drove one set and the low pressure cylinders drove the other set. A rarer arrangement was called the tandem compound, in which the high and low pressure cylinders were coaxial and had a common piston rod. Other steam locomotives were simple, or single, expansion only. Most compound steam locomotives had a "simpling valve" which fed high pressure steam to all cylinders to help start a train.

Uniflow

Another type of reciprocating steam engine is the "uniflow' type. In this, valves (which act similarly to those used in internal combustion engines) are operated by cams. The inlet valves open to admit steam when minimum expansion volume has been reached at the top of the stroke. For a period of the crank cycle steam is admitted and the poppet inlet are then closed, allowing continued expansion of the steam during the downstroke. Near the bottom of the stroke the piston will expose exhaust ports in the side of the cylindrical chamber. These ports are connected by a manifold and piping to the condenser, lowering the pressure in the chamber to below that of the atmosphere. Continued rotation of the crank moves the piston upward. Engines of this type always have multiple cylinders in an inline arrangement and may be single or double acting. A particular advantage of this type is that the valves may be operated by the effect of multiple camshafts, and by changing the relative phase of these camshafts, the amount of steam admitted may be increased for high torque at low speed and may be decreased at cruising speed for economy of operation, and by changing the absolute phase the engine's direction of rotation may be changed. The uniflow design also maintains a constant temperature gradient through the cylinder, avoiding passing hot and cold steam through the same end of the cylinder. (The uniflow concept is also employed in two stroke supercharged diesel engines used for marine, locomotive, and stationary applications. Such diesels do not need the economizer feature and use a simpler sliding camshaft for reversing.)
Turbine type
Steam turbines for high power applications use a number of rotating disks containing propeller-like blades at their outer edge. These moving "rotor" disks alternate with stationary "stator" blade rings affixed to the turbine case that serve to redirect the steam flow for the next stage. Owing to the high speed of operation such turbines are usually connected to a reduction gear to drive another mechanism such as a ship's propeller. Steam turbines are more durable, and require less maintenance than reciprocating engines. They also produce smoother rotational forces on their output shaft, which contributes to their lower maintenance requirements and lower wear on the machinery they power. The main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation stations where their high speed of operation is an advantage and their relative bulk is not a disadvantage. They are also used in marine applications, powering large ships and submarines. Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water and powering steam turbines. A limited number of steam locomotives were manufactured that used turbine technology. While they met with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and elsewhere, steam turbine technology did not last long in the railway world and was rapidly replaced by diesel locomotives.
Rotary type
In theory, it might be possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Lack of control of the cutoff is a major problem with such designs, and none has been demonstrated in practice.
Steam powered vehicles
cutoff Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated the first functional self-propelled steam vehicle, his "fardier" (steam wagon), in 1769. Arguably, this was the first automobile. While not generally successful as a transportation device, the self-propelled steam tractor proved very useful as a self mobile power source to drive other farm machinery such as grain threshers or hay balers. Steam engine powered automobiles continued to compete with other motive systems into the early decades of the 20th century. However steam engines are less favored for automobiles, which are generally powered by internal combustion engines, because steam requires at least thirty seconds (in a flash boiler) or so to develop pressure. On February 21, 1804 at the Pen-y-Darren ironworks in Wales, the first self-propelled railway steam engine or steam locomotive built by Richard Trevithick was demonstrated.
Advantages
The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work. Unlike the internal combustion engine, the steam engine is not particular about the source of heat. Most notably, without the use of a steam engine nuclear energy could not be harnessed for useful work, as a nuclear reactor does not directly generate either mechanical work or electrical energy - the reactor itself simply heats water. It is the steam engine which converts the heat energy into useful work. Steam may also be produced without combustion of fuel, through solar concentrators. A demonstration power plant has been built using a central heat collecting tower and a large number of solar tracking mirrors, (called heliostats). Similar advantages are found in a different type of external combustion engine, the Stirling engine, which offers efficient power in a compact engine, but which is difficult to operate over a wide range of operating conditions, difficulties which are readily addressed by the modern hybrid vehicle. Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as they are not especially adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure. This was inadvertently discovered when steam engines operated at high altitudes in the mountains of South America were replaced by diesel-electric engines of equivalent sea level power. They were quickly replaced by much more powerful locomotives capable of producing sufficient power at high altitude. In Switzerland (Brienz Rothhorn) and Austria (Schafberg Bahn) new rack steam locomotives have proved very successful. They were designed based on a 1930s design of Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) but with all of today's possible improvements like roller bearings, heat insulation, light-oil firing, improved inner streamlining, one-man-driving and so on. These resulted in 60 percent lower fuel consumption per passenger and massively reduced costs for maintenance and handling. Economics now are similar or better than with most advanced diesel or electric systems. Also a steam train with similar speed and capacity is 50 percent lighter than an electric or diesel train, thus, especially on rack railways, significantly reducing wear and tear on the track. Also, a new steam engine for a paddle steam ship on Lake Geneva, the "Montreux" was designed and built, being the world's first ship steam engine with an electronic remote control. The steam group of SLM in 2000 created a wholly-owned company called DLM to design modern steam engines and steam locomotives.
Efficiency
To get the efficiency of an engine, divide the number of joules of mechanical work that the engine produces by the number of joules of energy input to the engine by the burning fuel. In general, the rest of the energy is dumped into the environment as heat. No pure heat engine can be more efficient than the Carnot cycle, in which heat is moved from a high temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. Hence, steam engines should ideally be operated at the highest steam temperature possible, and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible. In practice, a steam engine exhausting the steam to atmosphere will have an efficiency (including the boiler) of 5%, but with the addition of a condenser the efficiency is greatly improved to 25% or better. A power station with exhaust reheat, etc. will achieve 30% efficiency. Combined cycle in which the burning material is first used to drive a gas turbine can produce 60% efficiency. It is also possible to capture the waste heat using cogeneration in which the residual steam is used for heating. It is therefore possible to use about 90% of the energy produced by burning fuel - only 10% of the energy produced by the combustion of the fuel goes wasted into the atmosphere. One source of inefficiency is that the condenser causes losses by being somewhat hotter than the outside world, although this can be mitigated by condensing the steam in a heat exchanger and using the recovered heat, for example to pre-heat the air being used in the burner of an external combustion engine. The operation of the engine portion alone is not dependent upon steam; any pressurised gas may be used. Compressed air is sometimes used to test or demonstrate small model "steam" engines.
Festivals and museums

- [http://www.dartmouth.org.uk/newcomen.htm The Newcomen Engine House, Dartmouth, Devon, England, UK]
- Steam Era in Milton, Ontario
- Ontario Agricultural Museum in Milton, Ontario
- Missouri River Valley Steam Engine Association [http://www.mrvsea.com/fall_show.htm Back to the Farm Reunion] in central Missouri, USA. This is not a steam-only festival, but it has always had a good showing of running steam engines.
- [http://collections.ic.gc.ca/hamilton/pump.htm Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology] in Hamilton, Ontario. An old municipal pumphouse dating to 1860 with it's original two Woolf Compound Rotative Beam Engines, one of which still operates.
See also

- Timeline of steam power
- Newcomen steam engine
- Watt steam engine
- Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
- Stationary steam engine
- Steam donkey
- Steam locomotive for details of steam powered railway 'engines'
- Crosshead bearing
- steam car
- Stanley Steamer
- Live steam
- Beam engine
External links

- [http://www.avero.de/?links/dampfmaschine Interactive Steam Engine] See how it works and manipulate the speed
- [http://www.keveney.com/Engines.html Animated engines - Illustrates a variety of steam engines]
- [http://www.fantasyarts.net/nanotechnology-gallery.htm The World's Smallest Steam Engine]
- [http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter5.html A history of the growth of the steam-engine]
- [http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/POWER/uniflow/uniflow.htm Uniflow locomotives]
- [http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/mower/mower.htm Steam powered lawn mower]
- [http://www.saunalahti.fi/animato/steam Building Model Steam trains]
- [http://www.cincinnati.com/travel/stories/053099_steamer.html Steamboat revival on Lake Geneva] Category:Energy conversion Category:Engines Category:Piston engines ja:蒸気機関

20th century

The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. Common usage sometimes regards it as lasting from 1900 to 1999, but this is incorrect since counting of calendar years begins with the year 1. The 20th century is also sometimes known as the nineteen hundreds (1900s). Decades are almost always considered as starting with the "0" year and named accordingly ("1960s", etc.). However, a number of arguments have been used to justify the common usage. One was advanced, erroneously, by Stephen Jay Gould. He claimed that the first decade had only nine years, thus contradicting the definition of decade equaled 10 years. Another argument is that the astronomical year numbering system for years does have a year zero, the year normally known as 1 BC. In 2000 the International Organization for Standardization clarified ISO 8601 to use the astronomical year numbering system, which could be interpreted as retrospectively endorsing all the people who had celebrated the new century a few months earlier. The term is also used to describe various periods that overlap with the calendar definition, most notably the Short twentieth century, which claims that the 20th Century spanned from 1914 to 1989, rendering the pre-WWI 1900s into the 19th Century and putting the 1990s at the beginning of the 21st Century. Indeed, the part of the 20th Century before World War I is quite identical to the late 1800s culturally and technologically and the 1990s decade pointed in many ways (such as the rise of the Internet) to the 21st Century and is seen by some as not being truly a part of the 20th Century.

Overview

The twentieth century saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovations. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage and became an influence on the lives of everyday people. War reached an unprecedented scale and level of sophistication; in the Second World War (1939-1945) alone, approximately 57 million people died, mainly due to massive improvements in weaponry. The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the 19th century, continued at an ever-increasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world peace. As the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy said: :What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal. Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century and for the first time, any individual could influence the course of history no matter their background. Arguably, the 20th century re-shaped the face of the planet in more ways than any previous century.
- Death rates
- Infant mortality
- Infectious disease
- Life expectancy
- Maternal death rates
- Battles Scientific discoveries such as relativity and quantum physics radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than they had previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the preceding century that the last few details of knowledge were about to be filled in. For a more coherent overview of the historical events of the century, see The 20th century in review. The 20th century has sometimes been called, both within and outside the United States, the American Century, though this is a controversial term.

Important developments, events and achievements

Science and technology

- The assembly line and mass production of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and cheaper products. This allowed the automobile to become the most important means of transportation.
- The invention of heavier-than-air flying machines and the jet engine allowed for the world to become "smaller". Space flight increased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global real-time communications via geosynchronous satellites.
- Mass media technologies such as film, radio, and television allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
- Mass availability of the telephone and later, the computer, especially through the Internet, provides people with new opportunities for near-instantaneous communication
- Applied electronics, notably in its miniaturized form as integrated circuits, made possible the above mentioned rise of mass media, telecommunications, ubiquitous computing, and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of exponentially growing calculation power (see supercomputer).
- The development of Nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
- Advances in fundamental physics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons (known informally as "the Bomb" and dropped on the industrial town of Hiroshima and the historic one of Nagasaki), the nuclear reactor, and the laser. Fusion power was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
- Inventions such as the washing machine and air conditioning led to an increase in both the quantity and quality of leisure time for the middle class in Western societies.
- Most influential inventions in the 20th century: antibiotics, oral contraceptives, new plastics, transistors, Internet
- More...

Wars and politics

- Democratic nations began to extend voting privileges to all adults.
- Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United States and the British Commonwealth. World War I led to the creation of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe. Ironically, it was said by many to be the 'War to end all Wars'.
- The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and shortly to World War II. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered greatly in the Second -- from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust.
- During World War I, in Russia the Bolshevik putsch led to the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spreading all over the world: notably, to Eastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba. This led to the Cold War and proxy wars with the western world, including wars in Korea (1950-53) and Vietnam (1957 - 75).
- The "fall of Communism" in the late 1980s freed Eastern and Central Europe from Soviet supremacy. It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism, and left the United States as the world's superpower.
- Through the League of Nations and, after World War II, the United Nations, international cooperation increased. Other efforts included the formation of the European Union, leading to a common currency in much of Western Europe, the euro around the turn of the millennium.
- The end of colonialism led to the independence of many African and Asian countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
- The creation of Israel, a Jewish state in a mostly Arab region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the Arab countries.
- The term Southeast Asia coined.

Culture and entertainment

- Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.
- After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques women became more independent throughout the century.
- Rock and Roll and Jazz styles of music are developed in the United States, and quickly become the dominant forms of popular music in America, and later, the world. The Beatles, a 1960s British Rock and Roll band, becomes one of the most successful acts of all time, and is credited, in their experimental later albums, with permanently changing what was thought possible in popular music.
- Modern art developed new styles such as expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.
- The automobile provided vastly increased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the early to mid-century, spreading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a leading symbol of modern society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
- Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.

Disease and medicine

- Although the availability and quality of medicine continued to improve, epidemic diseases continued to spread, aided by modern transportation. An influenza pandemic, the Spanish Flu, killed 25 million between 1918 and 1919, while AIDS is yet uncured and treatments remain too expensive for wide use in developing countries.
- Advances in medicine, such as the invention of antibiotics, decreased the number of people dying from diseases. Contraceptive drugs and organ transplantation were developed. The discovery of DNA molecules and the advent of molecular biology allowed for cloning and genetic engineering.

Natural resources and the environment

- The widespread use of petroleum in industry -- both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane -- led to the vital geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan's decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, OPEC, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s).
- A vast increase in fossil fuel consumption leads to depletion of natural resources, while air pollution has led to the develoment of an ozone hole and, many believe, global warming and both local and global climate change. The problem is increased by world-wide deforestation, also causing a loss of biodiversity. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decreased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net increase in the amount of fossil fuel that is readily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

Significant people

Museum

A museum is typically a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits, for purposes of study, education, enjoyment, the tangible and intangible evidence of people and their environment." This definition is taken from the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Statutes, article 2, paragraph 1, and is regularly reviewed and modified at the triennial ICOM General Assemblies. The italicized tangible and intangible was substituted for the previous material at the last triennial General Assembly in Seoul in 2004, pending ratification at the next General Assembly in Vienna in 2007. (The new wording was introduced in the revised ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums, which is another of the museum profession's core normative instruments.) Museums are usually not run for the purpose of making a profit, unlike galleries which engage in the sale of objects. There are governmental museums, non-governmental or non-profit museums, and privately-owned or family museums. Modern museums concentrate on a particular subject, and most museums belong to one or more of the following categories: fine arts, applied arts, archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, history, cultural history, science, technology, natural history. Within these categories many museums specialize further, e.g. museums of modern art, local history, aviation history, agriculture or geology. A museum normally houses a core collection of important selected objects in its field. Objects are formally accessioned by being registered in the museum's collection with an artifact number and details recorded about their provenance. The persons in charge of the collection and of the exhibits are known as curators. Open-air museums collect and re-erect old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. The first one was King Oscar II's collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881. In 1891 Arthur Hazelius founded the famous Skansen in Stockholm, which became the model for subsequent open air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. Most open air museums are located in regions where wooden architecture prevail, as wooden structures may be translocated without substantial loss of authenticity. A more recent but related idea is realized in the ecomuseums, which originated in France. Early museums began as princely collections of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities. cabinets of curiosities] Museums are usually open to the general public, sometimes charging an admission fee. Some museums have free entrance, either permanently or on special days, e.g. once per week or year. The museum is usually run by a director, who has a curatorial staff that cares for the objects and arranges their display. Large museums often will have a research division or institute, which are frequently involved with studies related to the museum's items, as well as an education department, in charge of providing interpretation of the materials to the general public. Objects come to the collection through a variety of means. Either the museum itself or an associated institute may organize expeditions to acquire more items or documentation for the museum. More typically, however, museums will purchase or trade for artifacts or receive them as donations or bequests. For instance, a museum featuring Impressionist art may receive a donation of a Cubist work which simply cannot be fit into the museum's exhibits, but it can be used to help acquire a painting more central to the museum's focus. Larger museums may have an "Acquisitions Department" whose staff is engaged fulltime in this kind of activity. Museums often cooperate to sponsor joint, often traveling, exhibits on particular subjects when one museum may not by itself have a collection sufficiently large or important. These exhibits have limited engagements and often depend upon an additional entry fee from the public to cover costs. The word "museum" comes from the Latin museum, plural musea, which is in turn derived from the Greek mouseion, which refers to a place or temple dedicated to the Muses, the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts. It is said that there are more museums per person in Finland than in any other country in the world. A recent development with the expansion of the web, is the establishment of virtual museums, typically with no counterpart in the real world.

Museum designers

Notable international museum designers include Ralph Appelbaum and Edwin Schlossberg.

External links

- [http://www.globalmuseum.org Global Museum]
- [http://www.museumnews.net/ Museum News]
- [http://vlmp.museophile.com/ Virtual Library museums pages] (VLmp)
- [http://icom.museum/ International Council of Museums] (ICOM)
- [http://about.museum/ The .museum top-level domain] (Dot-museum)
- [http://www.molli.org.uk/ MOLLI] (Museum On-Line Learning Initiatives)
- [http://www.insecula.com/ Great Museums in the World]
- [http://www.greece-museums.com/ Museums in Greece]
- [http://www.chinamuseums.com/ Museums in China]
- [http://www.censusfinder.com/guide_to_historical_museums.htm US Historical Museums Guide]
- [http://schulmuseum.net/ Schulmuseen in Europa]
- [http://www.aam-us.org/index.cfm/ American Association of Museums]
- A Category:Buildings and structures ms:Muzium ja:博物館 th:พิพิธภัณฑ์

SWIFT

SWIFT ist die Abkürzung für Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. Es handelt sich dabei um eine internationale Genossenschaft der Geldinstitute, die ein Telekommunikationsnetz (SWIFT-Netz) für den Nachrichtenaustausch zwischen diesen unterhält. Der Sitz ist in La Hulpe, Belgien. SWIFT standardisiert den Zahlungsverkehr der Finanzinstitute untereinander. Es sind Message Types (kurz MT) für den Datenaustausch definiert.

SWIFT-Code

Der SWIFT-BIC (BIC ist die Abkürzung für Bank Identifier Code) wird umgangssprachlich auch SWIFT-Code genannt, korrekt wären aber SWIFT-Adresse oder BIC. Es handelt sich um einen nach ISO 9362 international standardisierten Bankcode, mit dem weltweit jedes direkt oder indirekt teilnehmende Kreditinstitut eindeutig identifiziert werden kann. Er findet weltweit Verwendung bei grenzüberschreitenden Zahlungen und beim internationalen Austausch von Nachrichten zwischen Kreditinstituten. Hierzu gehören:
- Zahlungen
- Deckungsanschaffungen aus Wertpapier- und Devisengeschäften
- Kontoauszüge für gegenseitig unterhaltene Konten zwischen Kreditinstituten
- Zahlungsavise mit Angabe der Deckungsadressen
- Avise von Akkreditiveröffnungen Die Kommunikation findet über ein gesichertes Netz mit bilateral ausgetauschten Schlüsseln statt. Die großen Kreditinstitute unterhalten hierfür meist Standleitungen zu den nationalen SWIFT-Konzentratoren. Der BIC oder SWIFT-Code hat eine Länge von 8 oder 11 alphanumerischen Zeichen und folgenden Aufbau: BBBBCCLLbbb BBBB 4-stelliger Bankcode, vom Geldinstitut frei wählbar (nur Alphazeichen) CC 2-stelliger Ländercode nach ISO 3166-1 (nur Alphazeichen) LL 2-stellige Codierung des Ortes (alphanumerische Zeichen; zweites Zeichen = 1: passiver SWIFT-Teilnehmer) bbb 3-stellige Kennzeichnung der Filiale oder Abteilung (optional, Standard: "XXX", kann weggelassen werden, andere Kennzeichen nicht) (alphanumerische Zeichen) Beispiele:
- Der SWIFT-BIC RZTIAT22263 ist der Raiffeisenbank Kitzbühel (Bankleitzahl: 36263) in Österreich zugeordnet.
- Der SWIFT-BIC MARKDEFF (oder auch MARKDEFFXXX) ist der Zentrale der Deutschen (DE) Bundesbank (MARK) in Frankfurt am Main (FF) zugeordnet.
- Der SWIFT-BIC GENODES1JEV ist der Volksbank Jever zugeordnet. Sie befindet sich im deutschen (DE) Verbund der Genossenschaftsbanken (GENO) und ist passive SWIFT-Teilnehmerin (1), also ohne direkte Verbindung zum SWIFT-System.

Datenaustausch

Die Formate der SWIFT-Nachrichten sind standardisiert und heißen Message Type (kurz MT). Beispiele:
- MT103 - Standardnachricht für Kundenzahlungen
- MT202 - Standardnachricht für Bank-an-Bank-Zahlungen
- MT940 - Standardisierter Aufbau für Kontoauszüge
- MT999 - Freitext Zur Zeit (2005) erfolgt eine Umstellung des Messegaformates nach XML.

Siehe auch

- International Bank Account Number (IBAN)

Weblinks

- [http://www.swift.com Webseite der SWIFT-Gesellschaft] English text
- [http://www.zahlungsverkehrsfragen.de/swift.html SWIFT - Zahlungsverkehrsfragen.de]
- [http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/finances/payment/area/ec01-2560_de.pdf EU-Verordnung 2560/2001]
- [http://www.swift.com/biconline BIC-Verzeichnis der SWIFT, Suchmaske] English text Kategorie:Zahlungsverkehr

domeny narty �mieszne zdj�cia sylwester w g�rach podatki

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Steam shovel

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Snow

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What drives the process of invention?

From idea to invention

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William Otis

1839

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Caterpillar track

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